- L +F = F’
- -5 + 7 = 2 . 1/2= 0.5m. 50cm to the right (inverted real image)
2. Simply knowing the formula. Square root of index of refraction
3. Definitions
Radial Astigmatism – also known as oblique astigmatism? which is astigmatism at axis 045 and 135
Coma – form of aberration like a comet light source
Diffraction – occurs when a wave hits a slit (narrow aperture)
Spherical Abberation – peripheral vs center light waves are focused differently
Depth of Focus – I’m not sure I think similar to depth of field but instead of the distance of objects, the distance of images on the retina
4. This is just testing spherical equivalence
So if you go from 1.75 cyl to 0.75 cyl. That’s a spherical equivalent of 0.50 diopter
so -1.00 becomes -1.50sph
5. Eggers chart is great concept and something we use everyday
0.25 diopter = 1 line of visual acuity
Patient is 20/30 so changing 0.50 diopter makes sense
Since changing his distance part 0.50 , it also changes his near 0.50 so no additional add is necessary. (1.75)
6. Eccentric Fixation
Meridional Amblyopia – this why we should Rx glasses if we see 1.50 or more cyl for young patients
Monocular Central Suppresion – caused by <10 prismdiopter strabimus or anisometropia before the age of 8-10yrs old
Anomalmous Correspondence – fovea of one eye is wired to the non-fovea of another eye (longstanding strabismus to avoid diplopia)
Strabismus secondary to uncorrected refractive error – classic example is a high plus esotropia
7. In clinic, I have definitely seen a diabetic go from plano to -0.50 to +4.50 with her uncontrolled diabetes. So I would argue against this answer could be both myopic and hyperopic
8. I remember the following WTR (with the rule) = axis 180 Rx. ie -4.00-1.00×180
from this example the vertical meridian is steeper since -5.00 is in the vertical
9. Front surface power – radiuscope can do this?
Back surface power – radiuscope can do this?
Equivalent power – not sure what this is. like spherical equivalence?
Neutralizing power **
Prism power and base **
Base curve –lens clock can measure this
Cylinder axis **
10. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/geoopt/aberrcon.html#c2
*the two ON-AND-OFF AXIS are spherical and chromatic abberation. the rest are ON-AND-OFF AXIS
Spherical aberration –peripheral vs center light waves are focused differently
Longitudinal chromatic aberration – different wavelengths of light are focused at different distances from the lens
Distortion ** -lens producing curved lines when they should be straight (pincushion or barrel)
Coma **
Radial astigmatism ** -oblique astigmatism
Curvature of field **
11. Spectacle Rx = RGP + Tear Film Lens + ORx
+7.00 at 180 +2.00 at 180 +0.50 at 180 X (+4.50 at 180
+3.50 at 090 +2.00 at 180 -2.00 at 090 X (+3.50 at 090
+4.50-1.00×180
12. Excessive information
if he 2M at 40cm . and if he is at 20cm should be able to see something half the size (1M)
13. SIN (superiors INtort). The torsion muscles are mostly the obliques
If i tilt towards my left shoulder, i am doing the work of the right superior oblique
14. Moves down and out, BECAUSE it was UP AND IN (its happy place)
hyper and esotropic
15. ARC forms before the age of 8-10yrs old
16. Being able to see something at 19cm = 5.25 diopter
But he had 1.25 add help. so he can acc 4.00 without the add, which equals 25cm
17. The patient is supposed to look at a 33cm target, which equals 3.00 diopter. but instead is lagging at 67cm, which is 1.50.
1.50 lag
18. Common sense?
19. You can look at this graph
https://xcorr.net/2011/11/20/whats-the-maximal-frame-rate-humans-can-perceive/
So I can tell that light bulb is flickering easier in a brightly lit room, than a dimly light room
20. This is a tough question
Trichromats – are normal people. so this can’t be the right answer
Deuteranopes ** –opes means has two cones. MISSING MEDIUM wavelength cone (Green), Green blind,
Tritanopes –opes means has two cones. MISSING SHORT (Blue) , think confuse blue and green
(Protanope) –opes means has two cones. MISSING LONG (red)
Deuteranomaly – Green weak
21. X’X and XY
X’X or XX –both are fine
22. 90 present, 10 absent / 80 hits correct, 5 false positives.
Make a 4 square
present(90) negative (10)
said yes 80 5
said no 10 5
23. Remember 1 yr should be about 20/50
5 yr old should be 20/20.
I remember this formula involving 360 divide by denominator of the acuity.
So 360 / 5 = 7.2 cycles per degree. a 10 month old would have worse vision than 20/50 so 10 cycles per degree sounds about right.
24. common sense
25. common sense
26. Kaposi Sarcoma . a type of cancer caused by the herpes virus associated with a weakened immune system
27. https://anatomyclass01.us/trigeminal-nerve-dermatome/trigeminal-nerve-dermatome-infraorbital-nerve-anatomy-image-collections-human-anatomy-learning/
http://teachmeanatomy.info/head/cranial-nerves/oculomotor/
28. BAK is famous
29. You will see this in clinic. Myopic shifts with milky nuclear sclerosis.
30. Two types of uveitis
-Non granulomatous, small KPs – most cases
-Granulomatous, large mutton fat KPs (either TB or Sarcoidosis) both you should do a chest X-ray
31. Central retina artery perfuses the inner retina layers. in a CRAO the RNFL (ganglion cells layer) becomes white and necrotic
32. Parietal lobe is UP so lesion would cause inferior defect
Temporal lobe is DOWN so lesion would cause a superior defect
Occipital lobe is far back so its congruous defect
33. Cranial Nerves Summary
http://www.ivyroses.com/HumanBody/Nerves/Cranial-Nerves.php
Tests https://www.medistudents.com/en/learning/osce-skills/neurology/cranial-nerve-examination/
34. Problem with 7 and 8 nerve, but 5 is okay.
7 and 8 go through the internal auditory meatus
https://doctorlib.info/anatomy/clinical-neuroanatomy-28/16.html (FIGURE 16-5)
superior orbital fissure -CN 3, 4, 5(1), 6, superior and inferior ophthalmic vein https://radiopaedia.org/articles/superior-orbital-fissure
cavernous sinus – CN 3,4, 5 (1,2), 6, ICA
internal auditory meatus ** 7 and 8 combine
stylomastoid foramen –inferior part of CN7 https://www.utmb.edu/otoref/Grnds/Bells-palsy-2012-10/facial-paral-pic-2012-10-B.pdf
crus cerebri –
know the spinal tracts
https://online.epocrates.com/diseases/117624/Spinal-cord-injury-chronic/Etiology
35. http://www.assignmentpoint.com/science/biology/about-parathyroid-hormone.html
36. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myeloid_tissue#/media/File:Hematopoiesis_simple.svg
Monocyte – can become a macrophage
Lymphocyte – can become a B (plasma cell) or T lymphocyte . Plasma cells secrete antibodies
Eosinophil
Neutrophil – most abundant and phagocytose
Plasma cell- Plasma cells secrete antibodies
37. Antibodies –
IgA – mucous membranes
IgE – associated with allergies
IgG – most common
IgM – largest and the first to appear in response to an antigen (blood tranfusion)
38. Staph (aureus) vs Strep
https://clsresource.com/index.php/microbiology-gram-positive-catalase-positive-cocci/
a. Catalase –look at diagram. first test to distinguish two bacteria
Coaguluase- distinguish staph aureus vs epidermis
b. Oxidase- not in the diagram, a gram negative test? (think positive Pseudomonas gram neg bacteria)
c. Gram stain – both are gram positive
d. Giemsa stain – same thing as gram stain
39. This is a tough question. probably process of elimination will help
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSQ8BsxxFZSHzqe94ICm_eQMqmb_DOPnZLe20wDpV_riXLJnJ7KgA
40. This is a tough question, probably process of elimination also
http://www.advanceweb.com/web/AstraZeneca/Metastatic_Breast_Cancer_issue1_Overview/Metastatic_Breast_Cancer_issue1_Overview.html
41. Lower back pain
a. Cervical – top
b. Thoracic – middle
c. Sacroiliac ** – lower
d. Coccyx – tailbone
42. Blood in urine from bladder infection makes sense
43. This is a tough question.
Arthritis and ocular inflammation are easy ones, but liver disease is not obvious to me
44. Creatine phosphokinase – indicates muscle damage (heart attack)
b. Blood urea nitrogen- kidneys are supposed to eliminate BUN (high levels mean poor kidney function)
c. Uric acid – think Gout. Kidneys are also supposed to eliminate this
d. Bilirubin ** – liver helps eliminates this from body. bilirubin is break down of RBCs. high levels indicates jaundice
45. Down syndrome
46. This is tough question. Not sure how we are supposed to know this.
In Part3 they give us a 25 gauge needle which isn’t one of the choices. They pick a slightly thicker needle
I doubt anybody got this right. its a pure guess
47. Theophylline – PDE inhibitor, bronchodilator
b. Isoproterenol – similar to epinephrine, non selective b adrenergic agonist
c. Norepinephrine
d. Albuterol ** b2 agonist
NBEO drug list
https://www.optometry.org/pdf/contents/abs_generic_name.pdf
drugs.com says the following:
Norepinephrine (produced int he nerves) works mainly on alpha receptors to increase and maintain blood pressure
Epinephrine (produced in adrenal medulla) works on all alpha and beta receptors. Need epi pen for allergic shock
48. Antibiotic mechanism of action
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Classes-of-antibiotics-antibacterial-agents-and-their-modes-of-action-on-bacteria_fig3_264419317
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